How is psychological dependence characterized?

Psychological dependence is primarily characterized by a loss of control over substance use and compulsive behavior related to seeking and using the substance, despite the negative consequences that may arise. Individuals exhibiting psychological dependence often find themselves unable to stop using the substance, even when they recognize the detrimental effects on their life, relationships, or responsibilities. This compulsivity is a major distinguishing factor of psychological dependence, as it reflects an overwhelming desire to use the substance that can be rooted in emotional or psychological needs.

The other options do not accurately encapsulate the essence of psychological dependence. Frequent use without consequences does not consider the compulsive nature of the behavior or the emotional factors involved. Short-term cravings may occur but do not portray the ongoing struggle and loss of control associated with psychological dependence. Lastly, while physical withdrawal symptoms can occur with substance use, they primarily pertain to physical dependence rather than psychological dependence. Therefore, the emphasis on loss of control and compulsive use captures the core features of psychological dependence effectively.