In research, what does the independent variable refer to?

The independent variable in research is defined as the factor that is intentionally manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effects on other variables, specifically the dependent variable. By altering the independent variable, researchers can examine how these changes affect the outcome of their study, allowing them to establish cause-and-effect relationships. This kind of manipulation is essential for conducting controlled experiments, as it provides insight into how different conditions impact results.

In contrast, the dependent variable is the outcome measured or tested in response to changes in the independent variable, and a constant factor refers to elements that remain unchanged throughout the experiment to ensure that the results are valid and reliable. Understanding the role of the independent variable is crucial for designing effective experiments and interpreting research findings accurately.