Prolonged use of cocaine affects which neurotransmitter in the brain?

Prolonged use of cocaine primarily affects dopamine, but it also impacts norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the brain. Cocaine acts as a powerful stimulant that inhibits the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, leading to heightened levels in the synaptic cleft.

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most closely associated with the reward pathways in the brain. When cocaine is used, it blocks the dopamine transporter, preventing dopamine from being reabsorbed. This leads to an accumulation of dopamine, which is linked to the intense euphoria experienced by users.

Norepinephrine is involved in the body's fight-or-flight response and can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure when altered by cocaine use. Cocaine's ability to inhibit norepinephrine reuptake can heighten alertness and energy, contributing to some of the stimulant effects.

Serotonin, which is primarily responsible for regulating mood, appetite, and sleep, is also affected by cocaine. Alterations in serotonin levels can lead to mood disturbances and affect overall emotional states.

Thus, because cocaine impacts all three neurotransmitters—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—the choice indicating all of the above accurately reflects the widespread influence of the drug on the brain’s chemistry.