What are the key indicators of physiological dependence on a substance?

Physiological dependence on a substance is characterized primarily by two key indicators: increasing tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Tolerance refers to the body's adaptation to a substance, leading to the need for a larger amount to achieve the same effect. This adaptation can manifest in both metabolic and cellular ways, with the body essentially becoming accustomed to the presence of the substance, requiring more of it to experience its effects.

Withdrawal symptoms occur when a person who is dependent on a substance reduces or stops intake, resulting in physical and psychological symptoms that can be quite distressing. These symptoms vary depending on the substance but often include anxiety, tremors, nausea, and other physical health issues. The presence of these withdrawal symptoms accentuates the physical dependence on the substance and highlights the need for continued use to avoid discomfort.

While loss of control, compulsive use, continued use despite adverse effects, and increased social interactions or life stressors may be associated with substance use disorders, they do not specifically indicate physiological dependence. Rather, they reflect behavioral patterns or consequences of substance use. The specific indicators of increasing tolerance and withdrawal symptoms directly reveal the body's physiological adaptation and dependence on the substance.