What is a significant action taken by sedatives and hypnotics in the body?

Sedatives and hypnotics are primarily known for their ability to calm the central nervous system (CNS) and produce a state of relaxation or sleepiness. When these substances are administered, they work by binding to specific receptors in the brain, particularly the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, which leads to an increase in inhibitory neurotransmission. This inhibition results in a decrease in neuronal excitability throughout the CNS, which helps to reduce anxiety, induce sleep, and relax muscles.

Because sedatives and hypnotics are specifically designed to suppress overactivity in the brain, their action of inhibiting the central nervous system is significant. This therapeutic effect emphasizes their use in treating conditions such as insomnia, anxiety disorders, and other conditions where relaxation or sleep is desired. Understanding this mechanism is crucial in recognizing both the therapeutic benefits and the potential risks, such as dependency and respiratory depression, which can occur when these substances are misused or taken in excess.