Which concept emphasizes understanding consciousness as a whole rather than in parts?

The correct choice is Gestalt. This concept emphasizes the idea that consciousness and perception should be viewed as a whole rather than dissected into individual components. Gestalt psychology focuses on how we experience and interpret various stimuli collectively to form a complete picture, indicating that our perception of the whole is often greater than the sum of its parts. This holistic approach aims to understand how individuals perceive their environment and experiences in an integrated manner, rather than isolating elements to understand their effects.

Behaviorism, on the other hand, focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes, looking at the interactions between stimuli and responses instead of the consciousness as a whole. Adlerian Therapy emphasizes individual psychology and social interest, focusing on the individual’s drive for success and overcoming feelings of inferiority rather than a holistic perspective on consciousness. Existential Therapy deals with issues of meaning and existence but doesn't specifically center on understanding consciousness in a comprehensive manner, but rather the individual's experience of existence. Thus, Gestalt stands out as the primary concept that emphasizes a comprehensive understanding of consciousness.