Which of the following describes a testable hypothesis?

A testable hypothesis is fundamentally a clear prediction that establishes a specific relationship between two or more variables. This prediction must be formulated in a way that allows for empirical testing, meaning it can be confirmed or refuted through observation and experimentation. By explicitly stating the expected outcomes based on manipulations or observations of the variables involved, a testable hypothesis provides a framework for conducting research and drawing conclusions.

The nature of a testable hypothesis is crucial in scientific inquiry, as it drives the research process by identifying what evidence is needed to support or contradict the proposed idea. The validity of the hypothesis can be evaluated based on experimental results, which can demonstrate the degree to which the prediction holds true.

In contrast, a statement without variables lacks the specificity needed to form a hypothesis that can be tested. Conclusions based solely on observations do not make predictive claims, and broad assumptions do not allow for precise testing or gathering of evidence. Thus, only a clear prediction about the relationship between variables stands as a true testable hypothesis.